# clm_473C59134C19

subject: PDD Holdings (/record/pdd-holdings.md)  
predicate: research_and_development  
value: 29,421,000 renminbi  
valid_from: 2016-12-31  
valid_to: 2017-12-31  
published: no source on record carries a date  
recorded: 2026-10-29  
confidence: 0.95  
status: superseded  
assertable: true  
superseded_by: clm_1910B7B397D0  
last_updated: 2026-10-29  
checked: 2026-10-29 · parsed from the SEC filing  
parsed from: us-gaap:ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense in 20-F FY2018  

## Sources

- https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1737806/000110465919023251/0001104659-19-023251-index.htm (primary, SEC EDGAR 20-F FY2018)

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