# clm_28C2F082216F

subject: Alphabet Inc. (/record/alphabet.md)  
predicate: research_and_development  
value: 31,562,000,000 United States dollar  
valid_from: 2021-12-31  
valid_to: 2022-12-31  
confidence: 0.95  
status: superseded  
superseded_by: clm_DFDF1CDBA881  
first_seen: 2026-10-27  
last_updated: 2026-10-28  

## Sources

- https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204422000019/0001652044-22-000019-index.htm (primary, SEC EDGAR 10-K FY2021)

## Supersedes

- [Alphabet Inc.](/record/alphabet.md) | research_and_development | 27,573,000,000 United States dollar | valid 2020-12-31 to 2021-12-31 | conf 0.95 | superseded | superseded_by [clm_28C2F082216F](/claim/clm_28C2F082216F.md) | [clm_67C90E1150FF](/claim/clm_67C90E1150FF.md)
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